What is confirmation bias?

Confirmation bias refers to the cognitive phenomenon where individuals preferentially search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs and hypotheses. This bias leads people to focus on data that supports their views while disregarding or minimizing evidence that contradicts them. This tendency can significantly affect decision-making and judgment, as it skews perceptions and limits critical evaluation of different perspectives.

In the context of the options provided, focusing on one's beliefs creates a narrow understanding of reality, as individuals become less open to new information that may challenge their views. This cognitive bias is prevalent in various domains, including science, politics, and personal relationships, influencing how people justify their viewpoints and reinforcing their existing knowledge, regardless of the validity or completeness of that knowledge.